То make matters worse, there had been enormous turnover among the senior managers he had been reporting to in the соmраnу' s domestic operations. Не саmе back to а situation where there was nо job and where he nо longer knew аnуоnе. Не found he was without contacts within the соmраnу. Не was getting paid but had nо serious assignment. Unfortunately, this situation is not unusual. The best protection: Кеер in touch with someone high enough in the соmраnу to look out for your best interests. Somе соmраnies provide such а "godfather," others don't, so it is uр to уоu.
Exersice 63. Put the verbs into the proper tense forms:
Who Sets Prices?
Pricing problems in international operations (to be) а source of concern to ехесutives with varying and diverse management responsibilities. The international division vice president (to concern) with the effect of pricing оn divisional profits; the regional manager (to concern) with the impact that policies оn intercorporate and local market pricing (to have) in his geographic area; the subsidiary manager (to try) to operate оn а profitable basis within the policy limitations оn intercorporate transfer, export, and local market pricing imposed оn him. The director of international marketing (to want) а price that (to bе competitive) in the marketplace; the controller and the treasurer (to want) prices that (to bе profitable); and the manufacturing director (to want) prices that (to give) longer production runs with evenly distributed plant loads for more efficient operations. The tax manager (to look) at the implications of pricing роliсу оn the total tax burden to the corporation and tax-deferral opportunities; and the lawyer (to concern) with pricing policies and practices that mау lead to antitrust or restriction-of-trade violations. Even domestic product managers (to have) an interest in transfer prices to the international division or to overseas units.
Exersice 64. Translate the text and explain the usage of the verbs:
Living with Inflation.
What would уоu do if we had аn inflation rate that increased а $20 restaurant tab in оnе year to $680, а 3,400 percent change? Such was the case in Bolivia between 1984 and 1985. Here is the way some survive.
When Edgar Miranda gets his monthly teacher's рау of 25 million pesos, hе hasn't а moment to lose. Every hour pesos drop in value. So, while his wife rushes to market to lay in а month's supply of rice and noodles, hе is off with the rest of the pesos to change them into black-market dollars. Why the rush? Look at what happens to the value of а peso relative to а dollar. Тhе day hе was paid 25 million pesos, а dollar cost 500,000 pesos so his salary would have bought $50. А few days later, the rate was at 900,000 per dollar and hе would have received $27. Тhе only strategy is to convert pesos to dollars as quickly as possible. What happens then when уоu want to buу something with pesos and need to convert dollars to pesos? There is а strategy for that, too. Mrs. Miranda wants to change $5 to buу fruit and vegetables for dinner. Shе goes to town, slows down in traffic and shouts, "What's уоu price?" at а group of youths оn the curb. Within seconds, the price of а dollar rises from 800,000 pesos to 830,000. Ву the time she reaches the corner, she is hearing 850,000. That is а 6.25 percent increase in less than а block. She buys at the highest price only to find out that had she waited оnе day longer she could have gotten 950,000. Of course, the price of fruit and vegetables probably went uр proportionately. So goes а day in the life of а Bolivian.
Тhе situation in Brazil is not much better; а 500 cruzado bill with а value of $36 (U. S.) was worth only $4 (U. S.) 18 months later. Оnе system used to beat the inflation rate is to keep mоnеу in the "over." Available in all banks, the "over" is а 24-hour deposit in Treasury bonds whose interest rate is indexed to the rate of inflation. It is estimated that $35 billion or 13.5 percent of the value of the country's output of goods and services is traded in the "over" еасh night.
6. Voice
Exercise 65. Open the brackets paying special attention to passive voice:
1. Some finance for fixed capital (to require) initially for advance payment. 2. The concept of division of labour (to relate) closely to specialization nowadays. 3. The laws of demand and supply and the connection between the cost of production and supply (to work out) by D. Lardner, an Irish Professor of Philosophy of the University of London. 4. Main terminal markets (to situate) in London and New York. 5. Oligopoly (to characterize) by a small number of firms and a great deal of interdependence. 6. Economic power in the USA (to distribute) veiy unevenly. 7. In 1980 the Sherman Act (to pass), which (to outlaw) any contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade and (to make) it illegal to monopolize trade. 8. Last year most capital goods (to own) by the firm that (to use) them. 9. Profits (to define) as the difference between total revenues and total costs. 10. Much of this information (to attribute) to cost-cutting in future. 11. The Cairo underground system (to be developed) by Campenon Bernard, a subsidiary of the Vinchi Group. 12. They think the risks (to be exaggerated) and growth prospects underestimated, leading to underprising. 13. Despite building export strength, any improvement in the trade balance (to be severely limited) by the surge of imports. 14. Efforts (to be made) to reverse the situation.
Exercise 66. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense form in active or passive voice and translate into Russian:
America`s involvement in the global economy (to pass) through two distinct periods: a development era during which the United States (to seek) industrial self-sufficiency in the 18th and 19th centuries, and a free-trade era in the early and middle 20th century during which open trade (to link) with prosperity. Now America (to enter) a third, more dangerous era – an age of global economic interdependence.
With surprising swiftness, the United States (to shift) from relative economic self-sufficiency to global interdependence. In 1960 trade (to account) for nearly 10 percent of the country`s gross national product; by the mid-1980s, that figure more than (to double). American farmers now (to sell) 30 percent of their grain production overseas; 40 percent of U. S. farmland (to devote) to crops for export. In fact, more U. S. farmland (to use) to feed the Japanese than there (to be) Japanese farmland. American industry (to export) more than 20 percent of its manufacturing output, and one out of every six manufacturing jobs in the U. S. (to depend) on foreign sales. More than 70 percent of American industry now (to face) stiff foreign competition within the U. S. market.
Exercise 67. Indicate whether the underscored verb is active or passive:
1. My former employer gave me a letter of recommendation.
2. The mobile units have been removed from the premises.
3. Questions concerning our financial statements are answered by Mr. Lake.
4. Their management team has decided to make the proposed changes.
5. Our average employee is earning $ 18,500 annually.
6. This plant will be closed during the holiday season.
7. I was told to visit at least one insurance firm during my stay in Dallas.
this time next year Matt Pinello will have reached his goal.
9. The fire was started by the owner of the property.
10. The picture was hung in the lobby of this building.
Exercise 68. Because the active voice is stronger and more direct than the passive, it is more suitable for business writing. Rewrite these sentences so that each verb (in italics) is in the active voice. In some instances it will be necessary for you to add words of your own.
Example: A detailed report will be submitted by us on Friday.
We will submit a detailed report on Friday.
1. The necessary papers were signed by Mr. Cranston on March 10.
2. Your questions will be answered at our meeting this afternoon.
3. Work on the Walker Building has been discontinued.
4. I have been told by Mr. Slade that no more furniture will be manufactured by his firm this year.
5. The loan will be made only if adequate collateral can be furnished.
6. The will was not signed by the testator, Henry J. Symonds.
7. This type of machine has often been repaired by Mr. Olson.
8. I was told by Summers that no action will be taken by his client at this time.
Exercise 69. Translate the sentences using the Passive Voice:
1. К счастью, контракт уже подписан. 2. К этому решению пришли после долгих споров. 3. Он сказал, что у него забрали все документы. 4. Новое заявление председателя правительства широко комментируется в печати. 5. Как вы думаете, можно положиться на эти данные? 6. Нам объяснили задачи нового руководства. 7. Телеграмму только что послали, так что вряд ли она будет доставлена к концу рабочего дня. 8. Какие еще товары импортируются вашей компанией? 9. Все эти проблемы рассмотрятся на следующем заседании. 10. Как вы думаете, почему этих вопросов не коснулись на встрече с партнерами? 11. Этот вопрос еще обсуждается? – Да, его обсуждают уже полчаса. 12. Интересно, опубликуются ли эти данные до того, как мы вернемся?
Exersice 70. Explain the usage of each form of the verb, indicating tense and voice:
Model Latin-American Manager.
Although selecting а manager to head а Latin American operation depends оn а firm's specific needs at а particular time, most companies have а good idea of the characteristics they would most like to find in аn ideal candidate. Firms say the four leading traits, in order of importance, are flexibility, еmраthy with the environment (defined bу оnе соmраnу as the аbilitу to understand and operate in а Latin environment and enjoy it), the desire to take оn change, and self-confidence.
The list includes mаnу other desirable attributes. Knowing the language - Spanish in the bulk of Latin America or Portuguese in Brazil - is considered very important bу almost аll companies, although а strong minority believes this skill саn bе mastered after the person gets to the country. Next in linе соmе such traits as the ability to recognize and develop the skills of others, generate enthusiasm, and achieve results within budget limits. Other соmраnies stress the need for аn individual who саn deal with local regulatory bodies, саn think in а disciplined and logical manner, and is energetic and persistent.
Other corporate checklists cite аn aggressive person with а feel for strategic thinking and the high moral standards necessary to withstand the temptation оf corruption in mаnу Latin American countries. Other sought-after traits include the ability to confront conflicts, take action without being asked, and identify key issues in а disagreement.
Аll companies want strong managers who саn lead and influence people-staff, clients, government officials, and shareholders. The ideal choice should also bе endowed with strong entrepreneurial drive, bе efficiency oriented and strive for high panies also agree that personality definitely gets the edge over technical skills. Оnе MNC explains: "In Europe, our top requirement would bе strategic planning abilities; in Latin America we need а person who саn fit in the environment."
7. Sequence of Tenses
Exercise 71. Use the correct tense forms, mind the sequence of tenses.
1.At the exhibition this company (to draw) our attention to the fact that they (to receive) the samples of our production. 2. I understood that the interest rates (to fall) next years. 3. I realized that he (to possess) all the qualities of an ideal manager. 4. They advised me that I (to organize) the meeting with the partners. 5. He learned from their talk that the corporate culture of the company (to be) on a very high level. 6. He felt that the bank statement he (to receive) (to be) wrong. 8. I realized that we never (get) a loan from the bank. 9. Nobody believed five years ago that this company (to prosper) and now it (to prosper). 10. I found out that his accountant (to make) a mistake. That's why the figures (to be) wrong.
Exercise 72. Open the breakets, paying attention to Sequence of Tenses. Translate them into Russian:
1. The engineers asked if the work (can) be compressed into 6 days. 2. The managing director of Plessey Electronic systems declined to say in which country the next foreign acquisition in defence electronics (to be). 3. The Belfast aerospace group yersterday announced that 700 workers (to be) made redundant. 4. He considered that this problem (to solve) in the near future. 5. Management wanted to know if its contingency plans (to work) in time of need. 6. They were hopeful that he (to bring) some concession on this question. 7. I asked how long it (to take) him to make that plan. 8. He (to indicate) that in many instances automation arrangements had been introduced by his company. 9. Ford and General Motors (to contend) that their defeat would lead to job losses in the Canadian car industry. 10. The chairman (to say) the recession had started to hit the company in the second half of last year. 11. We were sure we (to overcome) these problems. 12. The President (to want) to convince people that the energy crisis was real. 13.He knew where his duty (to lie).
Exercise 73. Translate the sentences into English. Remember about Sequence of Tenses:
1. Он сказал им, что они должны будут работать вместе, чтобы преодолеть этот кризис. 2. Он надеялся, что это повысит уровень жизни. 3. Компания заявила, что падение цен на нефть привело к снижению ее доходов на $100 000 000 за прошедший месяц. 4. Эта марка машины (the Cougar – пантера; кугуар) была спроектирована таким образом, чтобы босс не ездил на такой же машине, что и его секретарь. 5. Государство недавно объявило, что оно будет приобретать контрольные пакеты акций на всех текстильных фабриках в стремлении собрать больше налогов. 6. Через несколько лет стало ясно, что эти проекты являются экономической и социальной необходимостью. 7. Президент предостерег, что рост тарифов может вызвать резкое повышение цен. 8. Он считал маловероятным, что его надежды воплотятся в жизнь. 9. Но он сказал, что дальнейшее процветание Америки зависит от экономического роста в развивающихся странах. 10. Он сказал, что ни одно из его исследований еще не завершено.
9. Reported speech
Exercise 74. Convert into indirect speech.
1. He said, "We to agree to reduce the prices". 2. Mr. Brown said to his secretary, "I want to look through the documents". 3. He said to me, "The volume of business in this industry has doubled. We have no risks establishing the firm". 4. The chief executive officer informed us, "We shall arrange the exhibition of our equipment next month". 5. She said, "We are interested in buying of your models". 6. Chief manager said to the employers, "You are going to receive a rise in salary". 7. He said, "Since 1973 our company has been producing cars". 8. The secretary said to the visitors, "Mr. Smith is out. He will come in two hours. If somebody can't wait, it is possible to leave a message". 9. I thought, "What will become of our negotiations in the long run?". 10. The lecturer said, "There exist different economic systems in the world and I want to give the definitions of them". 11. The marketing director informed, "We have done a thorough marketing research in this field". 12. He added, "This brand was well-known even ten years ago and since then hasn't lost its popularity". 13. They said to me, "We have read all the documents and can't find the necessary data". 14. He asked us, "When will your business plan be ready?" 15. The boss ordered, "Come at two o'clock, we are having an urgent meeting of the employees". 16. The staff manager asked, "Have you written your c. v. ?" 17. He said to me: "Come to the interview for a job tomorrow". 18. The lecturer put the question to the group, "What are the features of the transitional period?" 19. I was asked, "What were the advantages of this strategy?" 20. Peter couldn't answer the question, "What is the monetary policy?" 21. The teacher asked me, "Do developing countries face banking problems?" 22. I asked,"Is your bank reliable?" 23. They asked me, "Will you make a report at the conference?" 24. He ordered, "Don't be late. The matter is very urgent".
Exercise 75. Convert the sentences into indirect ment on the change of pronouns and adverbial modifiers of place and time in reported speech:
1. He said: “I lived in New York”. 2. Mr. Falls to Mr. Morgan: “Our company made a lot of money during the year”. 3. She said : ”I would come if I could”. 4. They said: “We wish he were here”. 5. He said: “ People must obey their country`s laws”. 6. “I have just received a mail”, he said. 7. I said: “If you can lend me the money, I needn`t go to the bank”. 8. She said: “I needn`t be in the office till nine tomorrow morning”. 9. “I saw her the day before yersterday”, he said. 10. She said: “He is coming this week”.
9. Modal Verbs
Exercise 76. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the modal verbs:
1. Creditor still could get some of their loans repaid. 2. Upon returning to the helm of Apple Computer Inc. In mid-1997, founder Steven P. Jobs warned that it could take years to convince investors that the company could not only survive but also prosper. 3. This can create substantial volatility of ratios. 4. The huge dependence on foreign capital could make the dollar vulnerable. 5. Foreign investors can't have succeeded in this business. 5. We can evaluate the company theories using some basic ideas about stock valuation. 6. Although it focuses on the past decades, the study may shed light on recent reports. 7. He may have latched on to one of the most promising angles for private investors in Eastern Europe. 8. There may be no last-minute Holiwood ending to this drama. 9. The committee of unsecured creditors believes its members must have claims against Motorola. 10. Some analysts say Apple might even be able to restore its market share. 11. Even in the absence of competition, privatization may improve efficiency. 12. Banks may choose to not fully utilize the reserves available to them. 13. News that the economy may finally be slowing is hitting hard. 14. That strategy may become more urgent later on this year. 15. Apple must keep showing hot new products out of the doors. 16. The big funds deficit indicates that the net rise in its financial liabilities outstanding over the year must have been substantial. 17. All nationally charted banks must join the Federal Reserve System. 18. It should be operating system of choice for all business and many home computers. 19. For any given level of earnings, stock prices should be higher if the real interest rates are lower. 20. Even the IMF could be forgiven a sense of relief at Tailand's failure to carry out the promised reform. 21. Unemployment may not fall even that far because increased flexibility and competition may at first cost jobs. 22. In other European countries the notion that central banks should shift their sights from inflation to output and jobs has gained support. 23. Congress must tighten the definition of money laundering.
Exercise 77. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the use of the equivalents of modal verbs "to have + infinitive" and "to be + infinitive":
1. We have to spend a lot of time and look a lot of apartments and negotiate over and over. 2. Stock prices also depend on dividends, if dividends are expected to grow fast. 3. Fed were to lose one of its most successful inflation-fighting allies: a strong dollar. 4. Fed officials had to welcome the news that banks are now raising the bar on their lending standards. 5. The rest of the recovery will have to come from the long-debated project. 6. We have to be something of an optimist to believe that governments which can tax more easily will also tax more lightly. 7. Europeans won't have to wait long to find out which vision is stronger. 8. Anyone seeking to understand Britain's tortuous and tortured relationship with its continental neighbours in the post-war period has to read this book. 9. Britain has been forced to share the opinion of other countries. 10. Now the question is that we have to come to some decision.
Exercise 78. Translate into English using modal verbs:
1. Вы можете открыть свое дело хоть сейчас, но следует оформить некоторые документы. 2. Не могли бы вы показать мне технико-экономическое описание (the feasibility study) и устав (the charter) вашего предприятия? 3. Не может быть, что он получил такую прибыль. 4. Неужели вы не прошли обучение для менеджеров в прошлом месяце? 5. Он, должно быть, уехал в Лондон по делам. 6. Вероятно, это уже для нас в прошлом, давайте поговорим о прогнозах на будущее. 7. Мой шеф, возможно, будет возражать против этого плана. 8. Мистер Браун, может быть, и является самой лучшей кандидатурой на этот пост. 9. Неужели это предприятие понесло убытки? 10. Вам следует принять все необходимые меры, чтобы сохранить свой штат сотрудников. 11. Мне пришлось пойти на собрание акционеров, а оно не состоялось. 12. Мы должны были встретиться в здании биржи в 10 утра. 13. Цены на акции могут снова легко упасть, и американская экономика может покатиться к кризисной ситуации. 14. Не исчезнув совсем, инфляция, возможно, принимает другие формы. 15. Европе следует обрести мощь и волю, чтобы организовывать некоторые операции без американской помощи.
10. Non-finite Forms of the Verb
10.1. The Infinitive
Exercise 79. State the forms of the infinitives:
to have known; to be dealt with; to have been translating; to have been told; to get; to be smiling; to have delivered; to cost; to be valued; to be mentioned; to have known.
Exercise 80. Give the perfect forms of the following infinitives:
to be; to stop; to ask; to continue; to see; to research; to stay; to publish.
Exercise 81. Give the continuous forms of the following infinitives (perfect and non-perfect):
to follow; to arrive; to study; to research; to want; to wait; to forget; to play; to attack; to look for.
Exercise 82. Give all possible forms of the following infinitives:
to tell; to lose; to choose; to carry; to implement; to construct; to design; to stand; to discuss; to mention; to argue.
Exercise 83. Write the correct form of the infinitive. Do not use any progressive forms:
Example: He is known (work) for that company in 1995.
He is known to have worked for that company in 1995.
1. I want you (help) with the inventory.
2. Would you care (suggest) a solution?
3. The young man is believed (break) the law.
4. All the delegates seem (leave).
5. Benjamin Franklin is reported (be) shrewd in his business dealings.
6. Mr. Gerstin plants (conduct) themeeting.
7. George Washington is known (respect) by the citizens of his time.
8. Our file clerk is going (marry) to a local attorney.
9. I want (do) what is right.
10. Rodney is waiting (call) by the Army.
Exercise84. Translate the sentences paying attention to the infinitive in different functions and infinitive constructions:
1. Motorola is supposed to receive more than $400 million annually. 2. Apple is well-positioned to come out with new noncomputor products — so-called Internet appliances. 3. One of the most important aspects of a privatization is to separate those components of services which are subject to natural monopoly problems from those that are not. 4. It's time to revise that recommendation, 5. Federal Reserve Chairman seems to embrace this view. 6. Greenspan's view is apparently that growth prospects and the riskiness of stock returns are hard to pin down, when new technologies are having a large impact on productivity. 7. While several risks could spoil the outlook, the recovery seems set to continue. 8. This week Mr. Starr seemed to come closer to the evidence needed to demonstrate his views. 9. To mention only three, share prices remain overvalued by most historical measures. 10. Its mistake was to win a price stability. 12. To be fair to Mr. Monti, he does not see things quite that way. 13. To be a leading international company, it is crucial to develop an organization of global leaders. 14. The foreign trade deficit continues to soar to levels unthinkable a year ago. 15. To explain such differences the analysts of the company looked at such developments as changing technology international trade, etc. 16. The Fed has made it no secret that it wants domestic demand to slow in order to prevent labour-market constraints. 17. First into Asia's financial maelstrom last summer, Thailand was supposed to be first out. 18. America's Fed is supposed to worry about jobs as well as inflation. 19. Mr. Greenspan is expected to deliver full employment, price and stability, a strong banking system and a rising stock market. 20. New British initiative happens to coincide neatly with some of America's ideas about where its European allies should be going. 21. Enhanced capacity is likely to mean strategic transport capabilities, better communication systems and more accurate air power. 22. The GNP is likely to suggest that despite consumers, one key area of demand may be starting to falter: capital spending. 23. That allowed speculation pressure to build up and eventually force a catastrofic devaluation. 24. Still, there are economic risks, not to mention possible nasty political upsets. 25. The approach of presidential elections in Mexico is usually a sure sign that it's time for stock market investors to head for the exits. 26. Though the industry is not yet out of the woods, some analysts feel bank stocks are simply too cheap to pass up.
Exercise 85. Translate the sentences using the infinitive and infinitive constructions:
1. Читать статьи по экономике очень полезно. 2. Это дает возможность узнать много нового. 3. Его цель — написать диссертацию по одной из проблем мировой экономики. 4. Он был первым, кто написал доклад. 5. Суммируя сказанное, можно отметить, что Центральный банк выполняет ряд важных функций. 6. Он собрал статистические данные, чтобы подтвердить свою гипотезу. 7. Для меня составлять план диссертации было трудно. 8. Я видел, что он тщательно изучает таблицы и схемы учебника. 9. Говорят, что первые банки появились очень давно. 10. Известно, что аспиранты много работают в библиотеке. 11. Похоже, он уже написал первую главу книги. 12. Случилось так, что весь собранный материал оказался бесполезным. 13. Его заставили переделать статью, добавить туда конкретные цифры и факты. 14. Я верю, что он закончит исследование в срок. 15. Вы бы лучше поискали нужный материал в Интернете. 16. Он был лучшим из всех, кто участвовал в презентации компании. 17. Начать свой бизнес — дело очень сложное. 18. Чтобы преуспеть, вы должны подобрать надежную команду работников.
10.2 The Gerund
Exercise 86. Translate the sentences paying special attention to gerund:
1. That's a key step towards tightening overall financial conditions in the U. S. economy. 2. Many Americans have attacked Nike Inc., and other companies are accused of using child labour in their oversees plants in poor nations. 3. For 200 years manufacturing has been most important in the economy of the country. 4. Significant progress was achieved in implementing structural adjustment policies in some areas. 5. Manufacturing now contributes less than a quarter of GNP. 6. Revenue and expenditure forecasting is the most fundamental step in the process of budget preparation. 7. There are various practical approaches to budgeting. 8. In doing so, they incurred anger of those the mission of whom was to help. 9. His motives in seeking early elections are not hard to grasp. 10. Aiming at an inflation target does not mean ignoring growth and employment. 11. Central banks take account of both in forecasting the future path of inflation. 12. Mr. Grant accuses the Fed of having pursued an over-expansionary monetary policy that helped to fuel the bull market. 13. Diversified financial services firms are facing increased pressure from the online trading and 24-hour market, but American Express succeeded in becoming the most admired company of that category. 14. When operating outside the U. S., Microsoft tries to hire foreign staff rather than rely on expatriate managers. 15. A company's overall ranking is the average of the scores of the nine attributes. 16. In issuing T-bills the Treasury does not set the amount of discount. using the auction technique, the Treasury lets currently prevailing market conditions establish a yield at which each new bill issue is sold. spending up abandonment of traditional patterns of production, tourism also leads to the abandonment of activities guaranteeing autonomy. 19. Most economists once brought the Phillips curve notion that accepting higher inflation would allow you to achieve lower unemployment. 20. Several renowned European universities are beginning to encourage their students to put the fruit of their learning to the test in the market place. 21. It involves clashing with enemies, building coalitions with the opposition, etc. 22. The company refused to rehire a man for trying to organize workers. agreeing to support human and labour rights and environmental standards, companies get to use the blue United Nation logo. 24. The pact was criticized as inadequate because it includes no monitoring.
Exercise plete the following using gerund:
1. We had no opportunity of...; 2. His hobby was...; 3. The lecturer continued...; 4. You should avoid... ; 5. They postponed...; 6. He never mentioned...; 7.I don't regret...; 8. The doctor insisted on... ; 9. I am not used to...; 10. Why do you persist in...? 11. He succeeded in... ; 12. I didn't think him capable of... ; 13. You will have the chance of... ; 14. Do you object to... ? 15. He could deliver a lecture without...; 16. His views changed after... .
Exercise 88. Translate the following using gerund:
1. Мне кажется, этот вопрос не стоит обсуждать. 2. Бесполезно исправлять статью сейчас, я бы рекомендовал добавить статистические данные. 3. Презентация посвящена первым публикациям в области экономики. 4. Он преуспел в исследовании этой проблемы. 5. Что заставило его отказаться подписать бизнес-план? 7. Он увлекся чтением статей по экономике в оригинале. 8. Он вынужден был извиниться за то, что не вернул книгу вовремя. 9. Неужели вы думаете, что он способен провести этот эксперимент? 10. Его обвиняют в том, что он цитировал известного автора и не упомянул его имя в библиографии. 11. Я не привык выступать публично (speak in public), но сейчас у меня есть возможность говорить перед коллегами. 12. Как вы думаете, что помешало ему принять участие в конференции? 13. Я поинтересовался, как ему удалось так быстро написать диссертацию. 14. Я полагаюсь на его тщательный анализ экономической ситуации. 15. Мы подозревали, что он скрывает новые данные от нас.
10.3 The Participle
Exercise 89. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to Participle I.
1. Having saved the company, Steve Jobs now must take it to the next level. 2. A weaker dollar would boost import prices removing a key offset to rising domestic process. 3. Excluding a spike during the autumn 1998 financial turmoil, leading financial practices were in the tightest in a decade. 4. What's behind the growing gap between the earnings of those at the top of the income ladder and those near the bottom? 5. Britain's latest census in 1991, recorded that Birmingham's non-white population was just over 21 % of the city's total population of 1 million, making it the most radically mixed big city in Britain. 6. California's lawmakers, fretting over next year's budget, have discovered a lot of fiscal problems. 7. Starting up a shipping company and putting the profits into the New Your Central Railroad, he (Cornelius Vanderbilt) turned $100 into $100 million. 8. Natural monopolies including transport are controlled by the state in Russia. 9. A growing number of industry executives and analysts are saying that the European tech sector will be subject to the same economic downturn that the U. S, tech sector is currently experiencing. 10. She added a clause to ail contracts forbidding child labour.
Exercise 90. Give all possible forms of the Participle of the following verbs:
to close; to explain; to discuss; to read; to lead; to wait; to confess; to continue; to begin; to finish; to translate; to admit; to ensure.
Exercise 91. Translate the sentence paying special attention to the use of Participle II.
1. Notes like bills are typically sold through auctions held by the Federal Reserve. 2. The risk premium required by stock holders averaged 5.3 %. 3. Powered by the industrial sector, real gross domestic product grew. 4. Consumer spending is lagging behind — still depressed by high unemployment. 5. Banks are more willing to increase the size of a mortgage, perhaps. 6. The few social-science surveys done show a strong desire for more democracy in China. 7. Given a powerful mix of jobs, low inflation and stock market gains, households are setting spending records almost every quarter. 8. The income generated by tourism in the form of export earnings is significant for many countries. 9. Progress made by women in professional and managerial jobs, with recent statistics on women on the top of the public service, in financial and banking, and in politics is enormous. 10. Policies, programs and initiatives taken at the national level are aimed to promote women in management. 11. Many may end up studying how IKEA has maneuvered through the past decade unscathed by charges against it. 12. The quirky, privately held company was run for decades by Kamprad, who built the business into an affordable yet attractive self-assembly furniture store for the masses. 13. The newly hired business manager for carpets immediately terminated the Pakistani contract.
Exercise 92. Translate the following:
потерянная книга, разбитая чашка, забытый метод, смеющийся голос, потерянный шанс, выбранная тема, найденное решение, испытанный метод, проводимая конференция, проведенная вчера конференция.
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